New findings on Long COVID: Messenger substances in nasal mucosa identified as the cause

by | Nov 10, 2025 | Health, Research

A research team from the Research Center Borstel, Kiel University, the University of Lübeck and the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein has gained new insights into the causes of post-COVID syndrome. The study, published in Nature Communications, shows that two messenger substances, TNFα and TGFβ, trigger persistent inflammatory processes in the nasal mucosa. These inflammations hinder tissue regeneration and contribute to long-term symptoms.

From left: PD Dr. Anke Fähnrich (LIED/UzL), Prof. Hauke Busch (LIED/UzL), Dr. Karosham Reddy (FZB), Prof. Markus Weckmann (FZB, UKSH, UzL), Yamil Maluje (SONG/UzL) | Source: W. Nurieva | Copyright: University of Lübeck
From left: PD Dr. Anke Fähnrich (LIED/UzL), Prof. Hauke Busch (LIED/UzL), Dr. Karosham Reddy (FZB), Prof. Markus Weckmann (FZB, UKSH, UzL), Yamil Maluje (SONG/UzL) | Source: W. Nurieva | Copyright: University of Lübeck

The researchers examined nasal biopsies from 25 patients as part of the nationwide NAPCON cohort. Using state-of-the-art single-cell transcriptomics and cell biology models, they found that the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract remains structurally altered even months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection, even though no active virus is detectable. The messenger substances TNFα and TGFβ interfere with the regeneration of the ciliated epithelium, which leads to respiratory problems and increased susceptibility to infections.

The results could open up new approaches for targeted therapies by influencing specific signaling pathways to alleviate symptoms and prevent long-term damage. The mechanisms could also be relevant for other chronic lung diseases, which requires further investigation. The success of the study is based on interdisciplinary cooperation within the Cluster of Excellence PMI and with the industrial partner Singleron.

Original Paper

scRNA-seq reveals persistent aberrant differentiation of nasal epithelium driven by TNFα and TGFβ in post-COVID syndrome | Nature Communications


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