The complete blood count: an important check-up in laboratory medicine

The CBC is a standard medical test that is frequently used in Germany to get an initial impression of a person’s state of health. It is a simple blood test that measures certain components of the blood and can thus provide indications of diseases, infections or other problems. But what exactly is tested and why is this test so important? In this Laboratory ABC article, we explain the CBC step by step and show its importance in laboratory medicine.

What is the small blood count?

The CBC is a laboratory test in which a small amount of blood – usually from a vein – is taken. It focuses on the most important components of the blood: the red blood cells (erythrocytes), the white blood cells (leukocytes) and the platelets (thrombocytes). In addition, the haemoglobin value is often measured, which shows how much oxygen the blood can transport. Compared to the complete blood count, which examines even more details such as the exact distribution of white blood cells, the complete blood count is a kind of basic check.

The components and their significance

1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes):
   These cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. If they are too low, this could indicate anemia, for example due to iron deficiency or chronic illness. Too many red blood cells, on the other hand, could indicate a rare disease such as polycythaemia vera, in which the blood becomes “thicker”.
   
2. White blood cells (leukocytes):
   They are part of the immune system and fight against infections. An elevated value can indicate an acute infection, inflammation or, in rare cases, more serious illnesses such as leukemia. If they are too low, the immune system could be weakened, for example by viruses or medication.
   
3. Blood platelets (thrombocytes):
   These small cells ensure that the blood clots when you injure yourself. Too low a level can lead to bleeding problems, while too high a level increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots).
   
4. Haemoglobin:
   This value shows how much oxygen the red blood cells can carry. If it is too low, you often feel tired and listless – a typical sign of anaemia. Values that are too high are less common, but can be related to dehydration or lung disease.

When will the blood count be done?

Doctors in Germany often use the CBC when someone has unclear symptoms such as tiredness, weakness or fever. It is also part of routine examinations, for example as part of screening or before operations, to ensure that there are no hidden problems. Because the test is quick and inexpensive, it is perfect as a first step before more detailed examinations follow in the event of any abnormalities.

What the results mean

The values of the CBC are compared with reference ranges, which can vary slightly depending on age, gender and laboratory. If a value is outside the normal range, this does not automatically mean that something bad is going on. Stress, a cold or even the time of day can influence the results. A doctor always interprets the values in the context of the patient’s symptoms and life situation. For example, a slightly elevated leukocyte count could be normal if the patient has the flu, whereas the same count would need to be investigated further if the patient has other symptoms.

Why is it so important in laboratory medicine?

In laboratory medicine, the CBC is an indispensable tool because it quickly provides basic information. It helps to detect diseases early, monitor the course of treatment or rule out the possibility of something serious. It is an all-rounder, especially in the GP practice, and often provides the starting signal for more precise diagnostics. Thanks to modern technology, the results are usually available within a few hours – sometimes even immediately if a small laboratory device is on site.

Conclusion

The small blood count may sound inconspicuous, but it is a real helper in medicine. It provides an initial overview of your health without the need for complex tests. In Germany, it is part of everyday life in doctors’ surgeries and hospitals because it is simple, quick and informative. If you know and understand your values, you can take better care of your own health together with your doctor – a small test with a big impact!

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Gender note. The personal designations used in this text always refer equally to female, male and diverse persons. Double/triple references and gendered designations are avoided for the sake of better readability ected.